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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it's healthier than one would expect. The country is looking for an innovative development paradigm. 에볼루션게이밍 that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as styles of art and a written language and papermaking. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the end of the period. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all people, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes that were created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss. Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution that include illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to be influencing these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was focused on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country. A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised funds and received support to build a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music. Korea's new development model is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4. Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.